Showing posts with label ALM. Show all posts
Showing posts with label ALM. Show all posts

Tuesday 4 August 2015

300 HP QTP/UFT : Interview Question and Answers Part -1

What is HP QuickTest Professional or QTP

HP QuickTest Professional is a solution for functional test and regression test automation. This next-generation automated testing solution deploys the concept of keyword-driven testing to enhance test creation and maintenance. Keyword-driven testing is a technique that separates much of the programming work from the actual test steps so that the test steps can be developed earlier and can often be maintained with only minor updates, even when there are significant changes in your application or your testing needs.
Using the keyword-driven approach, test automation experts have full access to the underlying test and object properties, via an integrated scripting and debugging environment that is round-trip synchronized with the Keyword View.
QuickTest Professional meets the needs of both technical and non-technical users. It works hand-in-hand with HP Business Process Testing to bring non-technical subject matter experts into the quality process in a meaningful way. Plus, it empowers the entire testing team to create sophisticated test suites.


 What types of License is available for QTP

 · Seat License: It is a machine locked license. This license can be used only for a machine it was generated.
· Floating License: It can be used on any machine which has network access to the floating license server. At any point in time the machines using the QTP license cannot exceed maximum license count on the server.

 What is keyword view and Expert view in QTP

The Keyword View enables you to create and view the steps of your test in a keyword-driven, modular, table format. The Keyword View is comprised of a table-like view, in which each step is a separate row in the table, and each column represents different parts of the steps. You can modify the columns displayed to suit your requirements.
You create and modify tests by selecting items and operations in the Keyword View and entering information as required. Each step is automatically documented as you complete it, enabling you to view a description of your test steps in understandable English.
Each operation performed on your application during a recording session is recorded as a row in the Keyword View.
For each row in the Keyword View, HP QuickTest displays a corresponding line of script in the Expert View.
Advanced testers can view and edit their tests in the Expert View, which reveals the underlying industry-standard VBScript that QuickTest automatically generates. Any changes made in the Expert View are automatically synchronized with the Keyword View.
The Expert View is composed of statements coded in the Microsoft VBScript programming language. The Expert View provides an alternative to the Keyword View for testers who are familiar with VBScript. You can also create function libraries in HP QuickTest using VBScript.

 What are the Features & Benefits of Quick Test Pro 

·       Key word driven testing
·       Suitable for both client server and web based application
·       VBScript as the scripting language
·       Record and playback Feature which helps in faster test script creation
·       Easier maintenance and powerful Data Driven capability. provides inbuilt methods to    integrate with 3rd party application like Excel, MS Access etc
·       Operates stand-alone, or could be integrated into HP Quality Center
·     Identifies objects with Unique Smart Object Recognition, even if they change from     build to build, enabling reliable unattended script execution
·      Enables thorough validation of applications through a full complement of checkpoints
·      The screen shots can be recorded of Run time error

 

Which environments are supported by HP QTP

QTP supports the following environments
·        Active X
·        Delphi
·        Java
·        .Net
·        Oracle
·        People Soft
·        Power Builder
·        SAP
·        Siebel
·        Stingray
·        Terminal Emulator
·        Visual Basic
·        Visual Age
·        Web
·        Web Services

 What is QTP testing process

QuickTest testing process consists of 7 main phases:
1.      Create your test plan - This is preparatory phase where you identify the exact test steps, test data and expected results for you automated test. You also identify the environment and system configurations required to create and run QTP Tests.
2.      Recording a session on your application - During this phase, you will execute test steps one by one on your AUT, and QTP will automatically record corresponding VB script statements for each step performed.
3.      Enhancing your test - In this stage you will insert checkpoints, output values, parameterization, programming logic like if…else loops to enhance the logic of your test script.
4.      Replay & Debug - After enhancements you will replay the script to check whether it’s working properly and debug if necessary.
5.      Run your Tests - In this phase you will perform the actual execution of your Test Script.
6.      Analyzing the test results - Once test run is complete, you will analyze the results in the Test Fusion report generated.
7.      Reporting defects - Any incidents identified needs to be reported. If you are using Quality Center, defects can be automatically raised for failed tests in QTP.

 Explain the HP QTP Tool interface

 HP QTP 11.0 contains the following key elements:
·        Title bar, displaying the name of the currently open test
·        Menu bar, displaying menus of QuickTest commands
·        File toolbar, containing buttons to assist you in managing tests
·        Test toolbar, containing buttons used while creating and maintaining tests
·        Debug toolbar, containing buttons used while debugging tests.
Note: The Debug toolbar is not displayed when you open QuickTest for the first time. You can display the Debug toolbar by choosing View > Toolbars > Debug.
·        Action toolbar, containing buttons and a list of actions, enabling you to view the details of an individual action or the entire test flow.
Note: The Action toolbar is not displayed when you open QuickTest for the first time. You can display the Action toolbar by choosing View > Toolbars > Action. If you insert a reusable or external action in a test, the Action toolbar is displayed automatically.
·        Test pane, containing two tabs to view your test-the Tree View and the Expert View Test Details pane, containing the Active Screen.
·        Data Table, containing two tabs, Global and Action, to assist you in Parameterzing your test Debug Viewer pane, containing three tabs to assist you in debugging your test-Watch Expressions, Variables, and Command. (The Debug Viewer pane can be opened only when a test run pauses at a breakpoint.)
·        Status bar, displaying the status of the test.


What is Object Repository & their types in HP Quick Test Professional

 Object Repository is a centralized place for storing Properties of objects available in AUT (Application Under Test). It is a test structure location where QuickTest stores object information/properties captured during recording. It acts as interface between test script and application in order to indentify the objects during script execution. The Object Repository can be used to:
·        Add a new object in the repository.
·        Rename logical name for readability.
·        Configure the object properties used to identify an object.
The Objects stored in the Object repository (OR) are called as Test Objects. Actually it is just equivalent to the corresponding actual object in AUT.
Object: It is a graphic user element in an application. It contains structure and properties. In QTP windows, WebPages, button, edit boxes, check boxes etc are termed as software object

HP Quick Test Professional Supports 2 types of Object Repository 

            1.      Shared Object Repository (also called Global)
2.      Per-Action Object Repository, (also called Local)


How does QTP identifies object

HP QTP identifies any GUI Object based on its corresponding properties.  While recording, QTP identifies and store peculiar properties (as defined in the Object Identification settings) in the object repository of the GUI object. At run-time, QTP will compare the stored property values with the on-screen properties, to uniquely identify the GUI object.

What are different types of recording modes in QTP

QTP supports 3 types of recording modes
·        Normal mode also called Contextual - It is the default recording mode and takes full advantage of QTP's Test Object Model. It recognizes objects regardless of their position on -screen. This is the preferred mode of recoding and is used for most of the automation activities.
·        Low-level recording mode - This mode records the exact x, y co-ordinates of your mouse operations. It is helpful in testing hash maps. It is useful for recording objects not identified by normal mode of QTP. Records any object irrespective of environment or object is supported by QTP. Recognizes all run time objects as windows objects. It is used when an object is not identified by Quick test.
Use low-level recording for when you need to record the exact location of the operation on your application screen. While recording in normal mode, Quick Test performs the step on an object even if it has moved to a new location on the screen. If the location of the object is important to your test,
Low-level recording supports the following methods for each test object:
WinObject test objects: Click, DblClick, Drag, Drop, Type
Window test objects: Click, DblClick, Drag, Drop, Type, Activate, Minimize, Restore, Maximize
Each step recorded in Low Level Recording mode is shown in the Keyword View and Expert View.
·        Analog mode - This mode records exact mouse and keyboard "movements" you perform in relation to the screen / application window. This mode is useful for the operation such as drawing a picture, recording signature, drag and drop operations. The steps recorded using analog recording is saved in a separate data file & file is stored with the action in which the analog steps are recorded. HP Quick Test adds to your test a RunAnalog statement that calls the recorded analog file. You cannot edit Analog Recording steps from within Quick Test.
q Record Relative to Screen: if the operations you perform are on objects located within more than one window. This mode is useful. In this mode Desktop screen is taken as base.
              Syntax: Desktop.RunAnalog "Track1"
q Record Relative to Window: if the operations you perform are on objects located within one window, Quick Test accurately identifies the window location on which the analog steps were performed even if the window is in a different location when you run the analog steps. Quick Test does not record any click or mouse movement performed outside the specified window.
             Syntax: Window ("Login").RunAnalog "Track4"


HP QTP allows calling an action in 2 ways
1.  Call to copy of Action - The original action is copied in its entirety, including checkpoints, parameterization, the corresponding action tab in the Data Table, any defined action parameters, local object repository. The action is inserted into the test as an independent, non-reusable action (even if the original action was reusable). After the action is copied into your test, you can add to, delete from, or modify the action just as you would with any other non-reusable action. Any changes you make to this action after you insert it affect only this action, and changes you make to the original action do not affect the copied action. To view, Right-click & select Action > Insert Call to Copy.
2.  Call to Existing an Action - In this approach, a link is created to called Action. User can view the steps of the action in the action view, but you cannot modify them. The called action’s local object repository (if it has one) is also read-only. If the called external action has data in the Data Table, however, you can choose whether you want the data from the action’s data sheet to be imported as a local, editable copy, or whether you want to use the (read- only) data from the original action. (Columns and data from the called action’s global data sheet are always imported into the calling test as a local, editable copy.) To modify a called, external action, you must open the test with which the action is stored and make your modifications there. The modifications apply to all tests that call that action. If you chose to use the original action’s data when you call an external action, then changes to the original action’s data are applied as well. To view, Right-click & select Action > Insert Call to Existing Action.

What is Virtual Object

 Application Under Test (AUT) may contain objects that behave like standard objects but are not recognized by QTP. You can define these objects as virtual objects and map them to standard classes, such as a button or a check box. QTP emulates the user's action on the virtual object during the run session. In the test results, the virtual object is displayed as though it is a standard class object.
For example, suppose you want to record a test on a Web page containing a bitmap that the user clicks. The bitmap contains several different hyperlink areas, and each area opens a different destination page. When you record a test, the Web site matches the coordinates of the click on the bitmap and opens the destination page.
To enable QTP to click at the required coordinates during a run session, you can define a virtual object for an area of the bitmap, which includes those coordinates, and map it to the button class. When you run a test, QTP clicks the bitmap in the area defined as a virtual object so that the Web site opens the correct destination page.
You can define a virtual object using the Virtual Object Wizard Tools > Virtual Objects > New Virtual Object. The wizard prompts you to select the standard object class to which you want to map the virtual object. You then mark the boundaries of the virtual object using a crosshairs pointer. Next, you select a test object as the parent of the virtual object. Finally, you specify a name and a collection for the virtual object.

How to read Operating System detail

We can read operation system details using the Built in Environment Variable. Example -
         Platform = Environment ("OS")
         Msgbox Platform


What is logical name of the object

Logical name is a name given by QTP while creating an object in the repository to uniquely identify it from other objects in the application. This name would be used by the QTP to map the object name in script with its corresponding description in the object repository. Generally QTP takes caption as a logical name. Example:
Dialog ("Login").WinEdit ("AgentName") – Here “AgentName” & “Login” is the logical name of the object.

What is Descriptive programming & When & How to use

 Descriptive programming is used when we want to perform an operation on an object that is not present in the object repository. It works as alternative to Object Repository.
 When and Where to use Descriptive programming
1.      One place where DP can be of significant importance is when you are creating functions in an external file. You can use these function in various actions directly, eliminating the need of adding object(s) in object repository for each action [If you are using per action object repository]
2.      The objects in the application are dynamic in nature and need special handling to identify the object. The best example would be of clicking a link which changes according to the user of the application, Ex. “Logout <xyz>”.
3.      When object repository is getting huge due to the no. of objects being added. If the size of Object repository increases too much then it decreases the performance of QTP while recognizing an object.
4.      When you don’t want to use object repository at all
There are two ways in which descriptive programming can be used
1.      By Giving The Description In Form Of The String Arguments: In this approach, describe an object directly in a statement by specifying property: =value pairs describing the object instead of specifying an object’s name. The general syntax is:
Dialog ("text: =Login").WinEdit ("Class Name: =WinEdit", "attached text: =Agent Name :")
2.      By Creating Properties Collection Object For The Description: Properties collection also does the same thing as string arguments. The only difference is that it "collects" all the properties of a particular object in an instance of that object. Now that object can be referenced easily by using the instance, instead of writing "string arguments" again and again.
Dp ("Class Name").value = "WinEdit" ‘Assign property to the object   
Set oDp=Dialog ("text: =Login").ChildObjects(Dp) ‘child object method find enumerated child object
Msgbox oDp.Count ‘displays number of child object matching given description
oDp(0).set "ABC1"  ‘set value in text box
oDp(1).set "mercury" ‘set value in text box


Explain the keyword CreateObject with an example

 CreateObject creates and returns a reference to an Automation object
         Syntax: CreateObject (servername.typename [, location])
Arguments
Servername: The name of the application providing the object. E.g. Internet Explorer, Excel. This is a mandatory parameter.
Typename:  The type or class of the object to create. This is a mandatory parameter
Location:  The name of the network server where the object is to be created. This is an optional parameter.
Example:
‘Creates and returns reference of the filesystemobject. It is used for performing operations on computer file system.
Set myFso=CreateObject ("Scripting.FileSystemObject")
'creates and returns reference of the Excel object. It can be used for performing operations on Ms-Excel files.
Set objExcel = CreateObject("Excel.Application")
'creates and returns reference of  the MS Word Object. It can be used for performing operations on Ms-Word documents
Set objWord = CreateObject("Word.Application")
'creates and returns reference of  the Database Connection. It can be used for Connecting, opening and Closing databases
Set objConnection = CreateObject("ADODB.Connection")
'creates and returns reference of  the Database Recordset. It can be used for performing operations on database tables(Records)
Set objRecordSet = CreateObject("ADODB.Recordset")
'creates and returns reference of  the Ms-Power point object. It can be used for performing operations on Power point presentations
Set objPPT = CreateObject("PowerPoint.Application")
'creates and returns reference of  the Internet Explorer. It can be used for performing operations on Power point presentations
Set IE = CreateObject("InternetExplorer.Application")

Can we use local and Shared Object Repository in same test

  Yes.


What is Object Spy, How to Use it

 QTP Object Spy helps to view the supported run & test time properties and method of any object in an open application. Click the pointing hand to select the object in the application. Object details are displayed in the Object Spy. This detail includes the test object’s hierarchy tree, its identification properties and values, and the operations associated with the object. Go to Tools -> Object Spy or click the Object Spy button on Tool bar.
There are two ways to Spy the objects in QTP
1.      Thru file toolbar: In the File Toolbar click on the last toolbar button (an icon showing a person with hat).
2.      Thru Object repository Dialog: In Object Repository dialog click on the button “object spy…” In the Object spy Dialog click on the button showing hand symbol. The pointer now changes in to a hand symbol and we have to point out the object to spy the state of the object. If at all the object is not visible or windows are minimized then hold the Ctrl button and activate the required window to and release the Ctrl button.

 What are different component of Object Spy

 Object Spy components are as follows -
q Object hierarchy tree
·        Displays the hierarchy of objects that are related to the object you selected.
q Run-time Object Properties / Run-time Object Methods
·        Displays the run-time (native) object properties or methods associated with the object selected in the Object Spy's object hierarchy tree.
q Test Object Properties / Test Object Methods 
·        Displays the test object properties or methods associated with the object selected in the Object Spy's object hierarchy tree.
·        Properties Tab 
·        Displays the properties and values of the selected object.
·        Properties. Displays the property names for the object that is currently selected in the Object Spy's object hierarchy tree.
·        Values. Displays the property values for the object that is currently selected in the Object Spy's object hierarchy tree.
q Methods Tab 
·        Displays the methods associated with the selected object.
·        Methods. Displays the run-time object or test object methods and their corresponding syntax for the object that is currently selected in the Object Spy's object hierarchy tree.
·        Description. Describes the method.


What are pitfalls of ordinal identifiers

QTP Ordinal Identifiers pitfalls are as follows -
·        If two objects are overlapped on each other than location based object recognition will fail.
·        If only index based recognition is used your script will work but script execution time will increase.

What is the file extension of the script file and OR in QTP

In QuickTest, File extension is as follows –
·        Per test object rep: filename.mtr
·        Shared Object rep: filename.tsr
·        Code file extension id: script.mts

Explain in brief about the QTP Automation Object Model

 Essentially all configuration and run functionality provided via the Quick Test interface is in some way represented in the Quick Test automation object model via objects, methods, and properties. Although a one-on-one comparison cannot always be made, most dialog boxes in Quick Test have a corresponding automation object, most options in dialog boxes can be set and/or retrieved using the corresponding object property, and most menu commands and other operations have corresponding automation methods. You can use the objects, methods, and properties exposed by the Quick Test automation object model, along with standard programming elements such as loops and conditional statements to design your program.


What is Text output & its use in QTP

A Text Output values enables to capture or to output text strings displayed in an AUT during run time. For example, suppose that you want to store the text of any error message that appears after a specific step in the Web application you are testing. You can create a text output value while recording or editing your test.
To create a text output value while recording:
1.      Highlight or display the text string you want to use for an output value.
2.      Select Insert > Output Value > Text Output Value. The pointer changes into a pointing hand.
3.      In your application, click the text string for which you want to specify a text output value. The Text Output Value Properties dialog box opens.

4.      QTP creates a column (using logical name of object) in Global DataTable to store output value.

What is Quick Test Professional Step Generator

The Step Generator box enables you to add steps that perform operations, using test object methods (for tests only), Utility object methods, or function calls. Go to Insert -> Step Generator or Press F7 on keyboard to enable Step Generator dialog box. 

How can you handle exceptions in QTP

     In QTP Exceptional handling is done by using -
1.      Recovery Scenarios
2.      Using “On Error” statement
     In Recovery scenario you have to define -
1. Triggered Events
2. Recovery steps
3. Post Recovery Test-Run
 At Script Level you can use the On Error Resume Next and On Error Go to 0 statements.  

What is Parameter & why parameterization

A parameter is a variable that is assigned a value from an external data source at run time. We use parameterization when we want to change the value of properties at run time. It replaces a recorded input value in the script. The process by which the scope of a basic test is expanded by replacing fixed values with Parameters is known as Parameterization. It greatly increases the power and flexibility of tests.    
Why Parameterization
·        To test boundary conditions.
·        To test good data and "bad" data.

What are the types of Parameter in QTP

There are four type of parameter option in QTP.
Data Table - Enable you to create a data-driven test (or action) that runs several times using the data you supply.
q  Read data from Global Sheet
DataTable("A", dtGlobalSheet)       Or
DataTable.value(“A", dtGlobalSheet)  Or
DataTable.value(“A”) –  Sheet name is optional & is assumed to be Global sheet in case not provided
q Read data from Action Local Sheet
                        DataTable("A", dtLocalSheet) Or                   
                        DataTable.value("A", dtLocalSheet) Or
                        DataTable(“A", “Action2”)      Action2 is name of sheet

Environment Variables -The Environment variables can have Quick Test generated values or values supplied from external files. Environment variables are like global variables in other programming languages which can be accessed through any part of the script. The values of these variables remain same irrespective of the number of iterations (unless you change them through scripting). These variables can be shared across various reusable actions. There are two types of environment variables:

There are two types of Environment Variables:
1. Built-In: These are the QTP internal variable. They provide information like the path of the folder where test is located, the path of the results folder, the name of the action iteration or the OS version.  Go to File -> Setting -> Environment -> Select Built In

2. User Defined : It can be categorized in two types. Go to File -> Setting -> Environment -> Select User Defined
         2.1 User defined Internal
·        These are the variables that we define within the test.
·        These variables are saved with the test and are accessible only within the test in which they were defined.
·        So how can we define and use them?
To define them: Environment.Value(“name”)= “QTP Training”
To call them: Msgbox Environment.Value(“name”)
          2.2 User defined External
·        These are the variables that we predefine in the active external environment variables file.
        These can be created using a list of variable-value pairs in an external file in .xml format.

1.     Random numbers - It enables us to use random numbers as values in the test. We can specify the range from which the random number is generated. By default, the random number range is between 0 and 100. Example - Rnd (number)
            Syntax:  Msgbox Int((upperbound - lowerbound + 1) * Rnd + lowerbound)
            Example: Msgbox Int((888888888-111111111 + 1) * Rnd +111111111)
Note - upperbound is the highest number in the range, and lowerbound is the lowest number in the range.

4. Test/Action Parameter: Test parameters enable you to use values passed from your test. Action parameters enable you to pass values from other actions in your test.  


What is the Difference between Bitmap Check point & Image Check point

Bitmap checkpoint does a pixel to pixel comparison of an image or part of an image.
Image Checkpoint checks the value of an image in your application like alt text, destination URL. Note: You create an image checkpoint by inserting a standard checkpoint on an image object. It is supported only in web environment. 

What is the difference between functions and actions in QTP

QTP Action
Function
·        Action is a QTP concept and it can use QTP features like own Object Repository, Data Table, checkpoints etc.
·        Actions help make your Test modular and increase reuse. Example: You can divide your script into Actions based on functionality like Login, Logout etc.
·        It is slow in execution.
·        Functions is a VB Script programming concept and do not have their own Object Repository or Data Table. Functions help in re-use of your code. Ex:  You can create a Function in your script to concatenate two strings.
·        We can’t use checkpoints in functions, instead of checkpoints we can use validation points (Loops and Conditional statements)
·        Functions are faster in execution than Actions


What is automation framework and the different types of Test Automation Frameworks

Automation Framework is a set of guidelines like coding standards, test-data handling, object repository treatment etc. It increases code re-usage, higher portability, reduced script maintenance cost etc. These are just guidelines and not rules; they are not mandatory and you can still script without following the guidelines. But you will miss out on the advantages of having a Framework. A test automation framework is a set of assumptions, concepts, and practices that provide support for automated software testing.
Type of Framework:

q Linear Scripting: - The simplest one, also known as "Record & Playback". In this approach, Tester manually records each step (Navigation and User Inputs), Inserts Checkpoints (Validation Steps) then, Plays back the recorded script in the subsequent rounds.
              Advantages
·        Fastest way to generate script
·        Automation expertise not required
·        Easiest way to learn the features of the Testing Tool
             Disadvantages
·        Little reuse of scripts
·        Test data is hard coded into the script
·        Maintenance Nightmare

q Test Library Architecture Framework: - In this approach, test scripts are initially recorded by “Record & Playback” method. Later, common tasks inside the scripts are identified and grouped into Functions. These Functions are called by main test script called Driver in different ways to create test cases. Ex: Using the same example as above, the function for logging in to Flight Reservation will look like .  
Function Login()
      SystemUtil.Run "flight4a.exe","","","open"
      Dialog("Login").WinEdit("Agent Name:").Set "Guru99"
      Dialog("Login").WinEdit("Password:").Set "Mercury"
      Dialog("Login").WinButton("OK").Click
End Function  
                     Now, you will call this function in the main script as follows
'Driver Script
 Call Login()
Advantages
·        Higher level of code reuse is achieved in Structured Scripting
·        The automation scripts are less costly to develop due to higher code re-use
·        Easier Script Maintenance
Disadvantages
·        Technical expertise is necessary to write  Scripts using Test Library Framework.
·        More time is needed to plan and prepare test scripts.
·        Test Data is hard coded within the scripts

q Data-Driven Testing Framework :- In this approach, while Test case logic resides in Test Scripts, the Test Data is separated and kept outside the Test Scripts. Test Data is read from the external files (Excel Files, Text Files) and are loaded into the variables inside the Test Script. Variables are used both for Input values and for Verification values. Test Scripts themselves are prepared either using Linear Scripting  or Test Library Framework.
      Advantages
·        Changes to the Test Scripts do not affect the Test Data
·        Test Cases can be executed with multiple Sets of Data
·        A Variety of Test Scenarios can be executed by just varying the Test Data in the External Data File
            Disadvantages
·        More time is needed to plan and prepare both Test Scripts and Test Data
q 
     Keyword-Driven Framework: - In this approach, keywords are developed, independent of the test automation tool used to execute them. Tests can be designed with or without the Application. The functionality of the application-under-test is documented in a table as well as in step-by-step instructions for each test. There are 3 basis components of a Keyword Driven Framework viz. Keyword, Application Map , Component Function.
Keyword - Keyword is an Action that can be performed on a GUI Component. Ex . For GUI Component Textbox some Keywords (Action) would be InputText, VerifyValue, VerifyProperty and so on.
Application Map- An Application Map Provides Named References for GUI Components. Application Maps are nothing but “Object Repository’.   
Component Function - Component Functions are those functions that actively manipulate or interrogate GUI component. E.g. - A function would be click on web button with all error handling, enter data in a Web Edit with all error handling. Component functions could be application dependent or independent.
          
           Advantages
·        Provides high code re-usability
·        Test Tool Independent
·        Independent of Application Under Test, same script works for AUT (with some limitations)
·        Tests can be designed with or without AUT

Disadvantages
·        Initial investment being pretty high, the benefits of this can only be realized if the application is considerably big and the test scripts are to be maintained for quite a few years.
·        High Automation expertise is required to create the Keyword Driven Framework.